Part 3 contd...
As of October 2010, the space-based tier of the early warning system includes three operational satellites on highly elliptical orbits. The constellation cannot maintain 24-hour coverage of the U.S. territory.
Early-warning satellites
As of October 2010, the space component of the Russian early-warning system included three operational satellites deployed on highly-elliptical orbits (HEO).
Satellites on the highly-elliptical orbit--Cosmos-2430 (HEO, launched 23 October 2007, NORAD catalog number 32268), Cosmos-2446 (HEO, 2 December 2008, 33447), and Cosmos-2469 (HEO, 30 September 2010, 37170) -- are first-generation satellites of the 73D6 type that were built for the US-KS system (also known as Oko). This system was designed to detect launches of ballistic missiles from the U.S. territory and cannot detect missiles launched from sea or other regions.
The three HEO satellites are in the position to observe launches from the U.S. territory for about 18 hours a day. This configuration does not allow the satellites to maintain 24-hour coverage of the U.S. territory or to detect launches from other areas.
The early-warning satellites transmit information in real time tot he command center at Serpukhov-15 (near Kurilovo, Kaluga oblast). The information is processed there and transmitted to the command center of the 3rd Army in Solnechnogorsk.
Russia is also working on a new early-warning satellite system, but the fist test launch of this program, which was expected to take place in 2009, is apparently delayed.
Radars
The land-based component of the early-warning system includes nine stations (called radio-technical nodes, ORTU). Each of them includes one or several radars, which transmit information to the command center in Solnechnogorsk. Five of the nine stations are located outside of Russia.
| Radar station | Radars | Year built |
| Olenegorsk (RO-1) | Dnestr-M/Dnepr | 1976 |
| | Daugava | 1978 |
| Mishelevka (OS-1) | Dnestr (space surveillance) | 1968 |
| | two Dnestr-M/Dnepr | 1972-1976 |
| | Daryal-U | non-operational |
| Balkhash, Kazakhstan (OS-2) | Dnestr (space surveillance) | 1968 |
| | two Dnestr-M/Dnepr | 1972-1976 |
| | Daryal-U | non-operational |
| Sevastopol, Ukraine (RO-4) | Dnepr | 1979 [1] |
| Mukachevo, Ukraine (RO-5) | Dnepr | 1979 [1] |
| | Daryal-UM | non-operational |
| Pechora (RO-30) | Daryal | 1984 |
| Gabala, Azerbaijan (RO-7) | Daryal | 1985 |
| Baranovichi, Belarus | Volga | 2002 |
| Lekhtusi | Voronezh-M | December 2006 |
| Armavir | Voronezh-DM | 2009-2010 |
| | Voronezh-DM | 2010-? |
[1] Operated by Ukraine. No longer used by Russia
In addition to the dedicated early-warning radars, the Don-2N radar of the Moscow missile defense system is also used for early-warning.
Missile defense
The Moscow missile defense system A-135 is operated by a division of the 3rd Army. The main command center of the system and the battle-management radar are located in Sofrino (Moscow oblast). The command center of the system and its radar are undergoing a software upgrade.
The system includes the Don-2N battle-management phased-array radar, command center, and 68 short-range interceptors of the 53T6 (Gazelle) type. The 32 long-range 51T6 (Gorgon) interceptors have been removed from the system. The short-range interceptors are deployed at five sites -- Lytkarino (16 interceptors), Sofrino (12), Korolev (12) Skhodnya (16), and Vnukovo (12). Long-range missiles used to be deployed with two units with headquarters in Naro-Fominsk-10 and Sergiyev Posad-15. The system was accepted for service in 1995.
Space surveillance
Space surveillance system is operated by a space-surveillance division of the 3rd Army. To monitor objects on low earth orbits and determines parameters of their orbits, the system uses the the early-warning radar network.
The space surveillance network also includes the Krona system at Zelenchukskaya in the North Caucasus, which includes dedicated X-band space surveillance radars. Another system of this type is being deployed near Nakhodka on the Far East.
To monitor objects on high-altitude orbits, the space-surveillance system uses optical observations. The main optical observation station, Okno, is located in Nurek, Tajikistan. Its telescopes allow detection of object at altitudes of up to 40,000 km. The station began operations in 1999. Space-surveillance tasks are also assigned to observatories of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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